In the realm of fluid dynamics, visualize a smooth and constant flow of particles known as steady motion. Here, streamlines, which are imaginary curves that depict the direction of particle movement, remain stable. These streamlines run parallel to one another, indicating a unified flow. However, when this tranquility is disrupted, turbulence takes

Semiconductors play a vital role in modern electronics due to their ability to control the flow of electricity under specific conditions. They can be broadly classified into two categories: intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductors. Intrinsic semiconductors, such as pure silicon or germanium, possess limited conductivity because their valence band is